One of the grant management questions we get the most emails on is, “What is the difference between a subrecipient and a vendor?”

Subrecipient vs. Contractor: What’s in a Name?

The distinction between the terminology causes no end of confusion because the terms subrecipient, subgrantee, and subawardee are used interchangeably by federal grant recipients and federal funding agencies alike.

Similarly, you’ll often see the term vendor, contractor, and subcontractor used to describe a procurement contractor relationship.

Since the advent of 2 CFR Part 200 (aka the Uniform Guidance), the preferred terms are now subrecipient and contractor.

Why Can’t Determining a Subaward vs. Contract Be Simple?

Unfortunately, determining which relationship exists is often a shade of gray instead of black and white.

It is often more like a teeter-totter or see-saw as you weigh the facts and circumstances to see which relationship leans.

Buying goods to support a federal grant is straightforward.

It gets particularly confusing when services are performed for a federal award.

Now you’ve entered the quicksand of indecision.

And it can feel like the definitions change from agency to agency and grant to grant.

Why Choosing Between a Subrecipient vs. Contractor Matters?

The answer to “Why does it matter?” is simple.

It boils down to prior approval for subawards and disallowed costs.

Wait a minute…WHAT?

Subawards typically require prior approval from the federal awarding agency.

Procurement contracts-even for services, usually do NOT require the funder’s prior consent.

Think it’s just easier to call everything a contract so you don’t need to go through the approval process with your funder?

Think again.

The Uniform Guidance tells us that the substance of the relationship matters more than what you call the legal instrument.

And if you choose incorrectly and don’t receive the prior approval for the subaward, you could be on the hook for disallowed costs.

Yikes!

So, how do you tell the difference?

Here are 7 tips to spot a subrecipient.

Tip #1 Are They Eligible to Receive THIS Federal Award?

This simple question is often missed in discussing the relationship with the subrecipient.

Nearly all federal awards list who is eligible to receive the particular federal funding in the Notice of Funding Opportunity (NOFO)

For example, is the funding limited to:

• State, local, or tribal governments
• Non-profit organizations
• Institutions of higher education

If so, you can’t subaward to an ineligible organization.

So, for example, if only non-profits are eligible for the federal award, you can’t subaward the activities to a for-profit firm.

So the first step when considering a subrecipient for your project or program is to ensure the organization is eligible to receive federal funds on THIS award.

Tip #2 Do They Manage Eligibility Requirements?

Does your federal award have restrictions on eligibility for benefits, such as income restrictions?

If so, this area can be a “show-stopper” for determining a subrecipient vs. a contractor.

If the organization receiving the funds will be responsible for determining who is eligible to receive benefits from the funding-most funders, consider that a subrecipient relationship.

OK, are you feeling pretty confident about that one?

Let’s move the up a notch in difficulty…

Tip #3 Are They Measured by Project Milestones?

If the subrecipient organization has to meet the specific goals of the Federal program to receive payment-it’s probably a subrecipient relationship.

If, instead, the contractor is measured by the completion of a scope of work for services or delivery of goods, it’s probably a procurement contractor.

Tip #4 Do They Make Decisions for the Project?

If the organization makes decisions for the project that the grantee would usually make if they were doing the project-it’s probably a subrecipient relationship.

If, instead, you have a procurement contract, typically, you would NOT delegate decision-making for the program to that organization.

Tip #5 Are They Carrying Out the Objectives of the Federal Grant?

If the organization uses the federal funds to carry out the objectives of a grant-funded program compared to just providing goods or services for a program-it’s probably a subrecipient relationship.

If, instead, the organization provides goods and services within their everyday business operations and offers similar goods or services to many different purchasers, and typically operates in a competitive environment, you are probably looking at a procurement contractor relationship.

Tip #6 How Do They Support the Objectives of the Award?

If the organization’s primary duty is to directly support the objectives of the federal award instead of just providing goods and services needed to carry out the project’s mission-it’s probably a subrecipient relationship.

If the goods or services primarily support activities instead of program objectives, it is more likely to be a procurement contractor relationship.

Tip #7 What Federal Regulations Do They Follow?

If the federal program requires the organization to adhere to the same regulations as the prime recipient for the project or program-it’s probably a subrecipient relationship

If the relationship is not subject to compliance requirements of the Federal program as a result of the agreement, it is more likely to be a procurement relationship.

Though similar requirements may apply for other reasons, so use this tip carefully because there will always be certain administrative and special grant conditions that would apply to both subrecipients and vendors.

• For example, no suspended, debarred, or otherwise excluded organizations can be subrecipients OR contractors.

And don’t forget agency terms and conditions can trump all these guidelines.

• If the award terms and conditions prohibit using subrecipients-you can’t support a subrecipient relationship.

Don’t Forget the Decision Documentation for Federal Award

Here’s a bonus tip: Remember to document your decision process.

In the documentation world, if it’s not in writing, it doesn’t exist.

Ensure you are capturing your process with adequate documentation demonstrating you are performing this critical decision-making process before moving forward with the legal instruments to back up the decision.

Ready to Deepen Your Understanding of Federal Funding?

Would you like to be a better grant writer or manager?

Deepen your understanding of procurement and the single audit for federal grants?

We have another grant training seminar coming soon.

Click here to get all the details!

Hope to see you there!

 

 

 

 

Rachel Werner, MPA, GPC, PMP

MyFedTrainer Principal, Compliance Champion